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What is a Unix timestamp?
The number of seconds since 00:00:00 UTC on January 1, 1970, ignoring leap seconds. 13-digit values are milliseconds and are converted automatically.
Seconds or milliseconds?
A 10-digit value is seconds, the format used by most Unix tools, databases and APIs. A 13-digit value is milliseconds, the format returned by JavaScript's Date.now() and Java's System.currentTimeMillis(). For example, 1700000000 is November 14, 2023 at 22:13:20 UTC, and 1700000000000 is the same moment in milliseconds.
Time zones and the year 2038
A timestamp is always UTC; only the display changes with your time zone. Systems that store time as a signed 32-bit integer run out at 2,147,483,647, which is 03:14:07 UTC on January 19, 2038. Modern 64-bit systems are not affected. Dates before 1970 are negative timestamps.
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Frequently asked questions
What is timestamp 0?
January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.
Does Unix time count leap seconds?
No. Every day is treated as exactly 86,400 seconds, so Unix time skips leap seconds.
How do I get the current timestamp in code?
In JavaScript use Math.floor(Date.now()/1000); in Python use int(time.time()); on Linux or macOS run date +%s.